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Author |
Rubin, R. |
Title |
Water conservation methods in Israel’s Negev desert in late antiquity |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Journal of Historical Geography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
229-244 |
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Abstract |
Settlement in Israel’s Negev desert historically has been dependent on water conservation techniques. Fieldwork carried out on settlement sites constructed during the Byzantine period, when agriculture and trade flourished, revealed a variety of water installations some of which are in use today. Perennial springs in the Negev are generally small and difficult of access. Cisterns were the most common conservation devices and came in both large, enclosed and single, open forms. Cisterns were common particularly in the towns, where they were usually built as part of house foundations. Dams were discovered at several sites but proved to be inefficient and easily abandoned because of evaporation and siltation problems. Public reservoirs were part of the structure of the largest towns and were open and among the larges structures uncovered at settlement sites. Wells were distributed widely throughout the desert and were part of the only conservation system that did not depend directly on surface rainfall. A qanat system was located in the eastern Negev dating from the late settlement period before the area was abandoned at the turn of the eighth century. These various water systems raise questions about their builders and their origins, and suggests that builders originating in more humid Mediterranean environments tended to produce less adaptable installations than builders derived from the south or the east. |
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0305-7488 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Rubin1988229 |
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262 |
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Author |
Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Yuan, S.; Song, J.; Chen, W.; Dias, D. |
Title |
A two-dimensional experimental study of active progressive failure of deeply buried Qanat tunnels in sandy ground |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Soils and Foundations |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
63 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
101323 |
Keywords |
Qanat tunnel, Sand, Failure effect, Soil arching, Model test |
Abstract |
As an ancient underground hydraulic engineering facility, the Qanat system has been used to draw groundwater from arid regions. A qanat is a horizontal tunnel with a slight incline that draws groundwater from a higher location and delivers it to lower agricultural land. During long-term water delivery, the qanat tunnel has experienced different degrees of aging and collapse, which may result in the significant ground settlement and even disasters. This paper developed a two-dimensional laboratory system to investigate the influence of progressive failure on the stability of deeply buried qanat tunnels. The developed system is fully instrumented with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system and earth pressure and displacement monitoring. A special cylindrical membrane tube is designed and connected to an advanced pressure–volume controller to simulate the step-wise failure process of the tunnel. Three model tests were conducted on a dry sand considering the buried qanat tunnels at three different depths. Experimental results clearly show the progressive evolution of soil arching effect in the dry sand associated with the progressive failure of the tunnels. The failure of the Qanat ground starts from the vault and develops upwards, which is closely related to the evolution of stress contour at three consecutive stages. Ground surface settlement and volume loss corresponding to three burial depths were compared. A deeply buried qanat tunnel has a small effect on surface settlement. Earth pressure evolution on the 2D plane shows the load redistribution when the qanat collapses. The maximum arch and the initial point of the limit state correspond to a volume loss of 12.5 % and 50 %, respectively. For the collapse of the deep buried qanat tunnel, ground earth pressure evolution can be divided into a stress-increasing region, stress-decreasing region, and no redistribution region. Furthermore, a multi trap-door model considering soil expansion is proposed to describe the progressive failure behavior and its effects. |
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0038-0806 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Zhang2023101323 |
Serial |
274 |
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Author |
Lawrinenko, M.; Kurwadkar, S.; Wilkin, R.T. |
Title |
Long-term performance evaluation of zero-valent iron amended permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation – A mechanistic approach |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Geoscience Frontiers |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
101494 |
Keywords |
Geochemistry, Iron, Permeable reactive barrier, Plating reactions, Reduction potential, Surface passivation |
Abstract |
Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are used for groundwater remediation at contaminated sites worldwide. This technology has been efficient at appropriate sites for treating organic and inorganic contaminants using zero-valent iron (ZVI) as a reductant and as a reactive material. Continued development of the technology over the years suggests that a robust understanding of PRB performance and the mechanisms involved is still lacking. Conflicting information in the scientific literature downplays the critical role of ZVI corrosion in the remediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants. Additionally, there is a lack of information on how different mechanisms act in tandem to affect ZVI-groundwater systems through time. In this review paper, we describe the underlying mechanisms of PRB performance and remove isolated misconceptions. We discuss the primary mechanisms of ZVI transformation and aging in PRBs and the role of iron corrosion products. We review numerous sites to reinforce our understanding of the interactions between groundwater contaminants and ZVI and the authigenic minerals that form within PRBs. Our findings show that ZVI corrosion products and mineral precipitates play critical roles in the long-term performance of PRBs by influencing the reactivity of ZVI. Pore occlusion by mineral precipitates occurs at the influent side of PRBs and is enhanced by dissolved oxygen and groundwater rich in dissolved solids and high alkalinity, which negatively impacts hydraulic conductivity, allowing contaminants to potentially bypass the treatment zone. Further development of site characterization tools and models is needed to support effective PRB designs for groundwater remediation. |
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1674-9871 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ lawrinenko_long-term_2023 |
Serial |
143 |
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Author |
Zeng, S.; Song, J.; Sun, B.; Wang, F.; Ye, W.; Shen, Y.; Li, H. |
Title |
Seepage characteristics of the leaching solution during in situ leaching of uranium |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Nuclear Engineering and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
566-574 |
Keywords |
In situ leaching, Leaching solution viscosity, Seepage characteristics, Seepage pressure, Uranium-bearing sandstone |
Abstract |
Investigating the seepage characteristics of the leaching solution in the ore-bearing layer during the in situ leaching process can be useful for designing the process parameters for the uranium mining well. We prepared leaching solutions of four different viscosities and conducted experiments using a self-developed multifunctional uranium ore seepage test device. The effects of different viscosities of leaching solutions on the seepage characteristics of uranium-bearing sandstones were examined using seepage mechanics, physicochemical seepage theory, and dissolution erosion mechanism. Results indicated that while the seepage characteristics of various viscosities of leaching solutions were the same in rock samples with similar internal pore architectures, there were regular differences between the saturated and the unsaturated stages. In addition, the time required for the specimen to reach saturation varied with the viscosity of the leaching solution. The higher the viscosity of the solution, the slower the seepage flow from the unsaturated stage to the saturated stage. Furthermore, during the saturation stage, the seepage pressure of a leaching solution with a high viscosity was greater than that of a leaching solution with a low viscosity. However, the permeability coefficient of the high viscosity leaching solution was less than that of a low viscosity leaching solution. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1738-5733 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ zeng_seepage_2023 |
Serial |
211 |
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Author |
Akter, A.; Tanim, A.H.; Islam, M.K. |
Title |
Possibilities of urban flood reduction through distributed-scale rainwater harvesting |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Water Science and Engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-105 |
Keywords |
Low-impact development (LID), SWMM, HEC-RAS, Remote sensing, Urban flooding, Inundation depth |
Abstract |
Urban flooding in Chittagong City usually occurs during the monsoon season and a rainwater harvesting (RWH) system can be used as a remedial measure. This study examines the feasibility of rain barrel RWH system at a distributed scale within an urbanized area located in the northwestern part of Chittagong City that experiences flash flooding on a regular basis. For flood modeling, the storm water management model (SWMM) was employed with rain barrel low-impact development (LID) as a flood reduction measure. The Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) inundation model was coupled with SWMM to observe the detailed and spatial extent of flood reduction. Compared to SWMM simulated floods, the simulated inundation depth using remote sensing data and the HEC-RAS showed a reasonable match, i.e., the correlation coefficients were found to be 0.70 and 0.98, respectively. Finally, using LID, i.e., RWH, a reduction of 28.66% could be achieved for reducing flood extent. Moreover, the study showed that 10%–60% imperviousness of the subcatchment area can yield a monthly RWH potential of 0.04–0.45 m3 from a square meter of rooftop area. The model can be used for necessary decision making for flood reduction and to establish a distributed RWH system in the study area. |
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1674-2370 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Akter202095 |
Serial |
247 |
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Author |
Lightfoot, D.R. |
Title |
Moroccan khettara: Traditional irrigation and progressive desiccation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Geoforum |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
261-273 |
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Abstract |
A 300 km network of khettara (qanat) subsurface irrigation channels was excavated in the Tafilalt basin beginning in the late 14th century. More than 75 of these chains provided perennial water following the breakup of the ancient city of Sijilmassa. Khettara continued to function for much of the northern oasis until the early 1970s, when new technologies and government policies forced changes. Data on origins, maintenance, and current use were collected from archival sources, aerial photographs, Landsat imagery, and from interviews. Insufficient water resources and unsustainable practices have dramatically lowered the water table, drying up khettara. This has resulted in a loss of local control over water resources, abandonment of a sustainable irrigation system, and progressive desiccation. |
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0016-7185 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Lightfoot1996261 |
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257 |
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Author |
Ubierna, J.A.J. |
Title |
Tunnel heritage in Spain: Roots of the underground |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology |
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13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
131-141 |
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Spain has deep roots in the underground. The territory of myth and legend, of cave and tunnel, has existed in Spain since that ancient time overwhelmed with shreds of fog, where all was myth around heros like Túbal Hércules, Gárgoris and Abidis. The underground evokes strong links with life and death, light and darkness, and has served as a source of inspiration for art through the centuries. The history of tunnels in Spain reflects the mosaic of cultures that have inhabited Iberia from prehistoric times till today. This contribution on the subterranean History of Spain traces the country’s heritage in the form of natural caves, troglodyte dwellings, mining, crypts, galleries in fortresses and castles, aqueducts, qanats, cellars, and other landmarks. |
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0886-7798 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Ubierna1998131 |
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260 |
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Author |
Strandmann, P.A.E.P. von; Reynolds, B.C.; Porcelli, D.; James, R.H.; Calsteren, P. van; Baskaran, M.; Burton, K.W. |
Title |
Assessing continental weathering rates and actinide transport in the Great Artesian Basin |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |
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70 |
Issue |
18, Supplement |
Pages |
497 |
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0016-7037 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ strandmann_assessing_2006 |
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116 |
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Author |
Zeng, S.; Shen, Y.; Sun, B.; Zhang, N.; Zhang, S.; Feng, S. |
Title |
Pore structure evolution characteristics of sandstone uranium ore during acid leaching |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Nuclear Engineering and Technology |
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53 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
4033-4041 |
Keywords |
Acid method, In situ leaching, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Pore characteristic, Sandstone uranium ore |
Abstract |
To better understand the permeability of uranium sandstone, improve the leaching rate of uranium, and explore the change law of pore structure characteristics and blocking mechanism during leaching, we systematically analyzed the microstructure of acid-leaching uranium sandstone. We investigated the variable rules of pore structure characteristics based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed the following: (1) The uranium concentration change followed the exponential law during uranium deposits acid leaching. After 24 h, the uranium leaching rate reached 50%. The uranium leaching slowed gradually over the next 4 days. (2) Combined with the regularity of porosity variation, Stages I and II included chemical plugging controlled by surface reaction. Stage I was the major completion phase of uranium displacement with saturation precipitation of calcium sulfate. Stage II mainly precipitated iron (III) oxide-hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. Stage III involved physical clogging controlled by diffusion. (3) In the three stages of leaching, the permeability of the leaching solution changed with the pore structure, which first decreased, then increased, and then decreased. |
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1738-5733 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ zeng_pore_2021 |
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199 |
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Author |
Schwiede, M.; Duijnisveld, W.H.M.; Böttcher, J. |
Title |
Investigation of processes leading to nitrate enrichment in soils in the Kalahari Region, Botswana |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |
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30 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
712-716 |
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Nitrate, Arenosol soils, Semi-arid, Kalahari, Cattle, Chloride, Travel time |
Abstract |
In Southern Africa elevated nitrate concentrations are observed in mostly uninhabited semi-arid areas. In the Kalahari of Botswana groundwater locally exhibits concentrations up to 600mg/l. It is assumed, that nitrate found in the groundwater originates mainly from nitrogen input and transformations in the soils. Our investigations in the Kalahari between Serowe and Orapa show that cattle raising is an important source for enhanced nitrate concentrations in the soils (Arenosols). But also in termite mounds very high nitrate stocks were found, and under natural vegetation (acacia trees and shrubs) nitrate concentrations were mostly unexpectedly high. This nitrate enrichment in the soils poses a serious threat to the groundwater quality. However, calculated soil water age distributions in the unsaturated zone clearly show that today’s nitrate pollution of the groundwater below the investigation area could originate from natural sources, but cannot be caused by the current land use for cattle raising. |
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1474-7065 |
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Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the Millennium Development Goals: Managing Water for Peace and Prosperity |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Schwiede2005712 |
Serial |
276 |
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