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Nisi, B., Raco B., & Dotsika, E. (2014). Groundwater Contamination Studies by Environmental Isotopes: A review. In E. Jimenez (Ed.), Environment, Energy and Climate Change I: Environmental Chemistry of Pollutants and Wastes. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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Richter, B. C., & Kreidler, C. W. (1991). Identification of Sources of Groundwater Salinization using Geochemical Techniques. EPA/600/2-91/064, , 259.
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Carreira, P. M., Lobo de Pina, A., Mota Gomes, A., Marques, J. M., & Monteiro Santos, F. (2019). Geochemical and Isotopic Marks for Tracing Groundwater Salinization: Santiago Island, Republic of Cape Verde, Case Study. In E. Drioli, & F. Macedonio (Eds.), Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources. Innovation in Process Engineering for Hydrology. Verlag: Springer International Publishing.
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Hammami Abidi, J., Farhat, B., Ben Mammou, A., & Oueslati, N. (2017). Characterization of Recharge Mechanisms and Sources of Groundwater Salinization in Ras Jbel Coastal Aquifer (Northeast Tunisia) Using Hydrogeochemical Tools, Environmental Isotopes, GIS, and Statistics. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 8610894.
Abstract: Groundwater is among the most available water resources in Tunisia; it is a vital natural resource in arid and semiarid regions. Located in north-eastern Tunisia, the Metline-Ras Jbel-Raf Raf aquifer is a mio-plio-quaternary shallow coastal aquifer, where groundwater is the most important source of water supply. The major ion hydrochemistry and environmental isotope composition δ18O, δ2H were investigated to identify the recharge sources and processes that affect the groundwater salinization. The combination of hydrogeochemical, isotopic, statistical, and GIS approaches demonstrates that the salinity and the groundwater composition are largely controlled by the water-rock interaction particularly the dissolution of evaporate minerals and the ion exchange process, the return flow of the irrigation water, agricultural fertilizers, and finally saltwater intrusion which started before 1980 and which is partially mitigated by the artificial recharge since 1993. As for the stable isotope signatures, results showed that groundwater samples lay on and around the local meteoric water line LMWL; hence, this arrangement signifies that the recharge of the Ras Jbel aquifer is ensured by recent recharge from Mediterranean air masses.
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Bahir, M., Ouhamdouch, S., & Carreira, P. M. (2018). Isotopic and geochemical methods for studying water–rock interaction and recharge mode: application to the Cenomanian–Turonian and Plio-Quaternary aquifers of Essaouira Basin, Morocco. Mar. Freshwater Res., 69(8), 1290–1300.
Abstract: Study of the Cenomanian–Turonian and Plio–Quaternary aquifers of Essaouira basin (Western Morocco), based on the interpretation of geochemical (major elements) and isotopic (18O, 2H, 13C and 14C) data, has aided the understanding of the hydrodynamics of these aquifers, which is greatly affected by tectonics. Hydrochemical characteristics based on the bivariate diagrams of major ions (Cl–, SO42–, NO3–, HCO3–, Na+, Mg2+, K+ and Ca2+) and electrical conductivity and mineral saturation indices indicate that the origins of groundwater mineralisation are the result of: (1) evaporite dissolution; (2) cation exchange reactions; (3) and evaporation processes. Radiogenic isotopes (3H and 14C) have highlighted the presence of significant recent recharge in the eastern part of the basin, with groundwater moving according to the general flow path (south-east to north-west). Stable isotope data from the Essaouira basin plot along the Global Meteoric Water Line and below the Local Meteoric Water Line. This suggests that groundwater has been recharged under several different climate regimes.
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