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Nadler, A., Magaritz, M., & Mazor, E. (1980). Chemical reactions of sea water with rocks and freshwater: Experimental and field observations on brackish waters in Israel. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44(6), 879–886.
Abstract: Four major processes are observed to take place in the coastal aquifer of Israel, detectable even in the short times of water contact with the carbonate-containing host rocks. Three are chemical reactions, Ca2+-Mg2+ exchange, Na+-Ca2+ or Na+-Mg2+ base exchange, SO2−4 reduction and the fourth is dilution by freshwater. These reactions and their effects on the chemical composition of the waters were demonstrated experimentally. The range of chemical changes observed in the laboratory experiments overlap the range of the studied natural waters. This indicates that simulation of geologically long-term rock-water interaction could be achieved in laboratory experiments even at low temperatures.
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Wigley, T. M. L., & Plummer, L. N. (1976). Mixing of carbonate waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40(9), 989–995.
Abstract: When mineral solutions of different compositions are mixed, the molalities and activities of individual ions in the mixture are often non-linear functions of their end-member values. This non-linearity is particularly significant in determining mineral saturation levels. Mixtures of saturated solutions may be either undersaturated or supersaturated depending on the end-member compositions and the physical conditions in which end-members and their mixtures exist. In carbonate solutions important non-linear effects occur due to redistribution of carbonate species. In extreme cases this causes mixture pH to be below both the end-member pH values. A simple but precise computer program (WATMIX) has been developed for calculating mixture composition for closed and open system mixing of arbitrary end-members. A number of mixing examples are considered which allow one to isolate three important processes leading to non-linear behaviour: the algebraic effect, the δPCO2 effect, and the ionic strength effect.
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