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Linde*, N., Renard, P., Mukerji, T., & Caers, J. (2015). Geological realism in hydrogeological and geophysical inverse modeling: A review. Adv. Water Resour., 86, 86–101.
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Karami, S., Jalali, M., Katibeh, H., & Marj, A. F. (2020). Groundwater hydrogeochemical assessment using advanced spatial statistics methods: a case study of Tehran-Karaj plain aquifer, Iran. Arab. J. Geosci., 13(2), 84.
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Herut, B., Starinsky, A., & Katz, A. (1993). Strontium in rainwater from Israel: sources, isotopes and chemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 120(1-2), 77–84.
Abstract: Eighteen ram samples from Israel have been analyzed for their chemical composmon and S7Sr/S6Sr ratios The Sr-Isotoplc rahos lie In the range 0 7078 and 0 7092, and the Sr concentrations vary from 1 × 10 -4 to 9 x 10 4 meq Sr/l.
Soluble salts in rainwater are inherited from three major natural sources, seaspray, Recent marine minerals and mineral dust eroded from rock outcrops and soft A mixing model is formulated to apply the chemical composmon of rain (CI and Sr 2+) and ~ts isotopic 87Sr/S6Sr ratio, for the identification and est~mahon of the Sr sources.
All the samples fall within the m~xing space predicted by the model for the three end members mentioned above The data indicate that the most important non-seaspray source contributing d~ssolved salts to the rams m Israel comprises a mixture of Senoman to Eocene chalk (and its weathering products) and Recent marine minerals, from local and imported sources.
Most of the samples (67%) contain 50% or more non-seaspray Sr 0 e, Sr dissolved from dust or Recent marine minerals), whereas 56% of the samples display 87Sr/86Sr ratios lower than 0 7090. The rest represent mixtures of seaspray and Recent marine minerals.
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Darwish, T., Atallah, T., Francis, R., Saab, C., Jomaa, I., Shaaban, A., et al. (2011). Observations on soil and groundwater contamination with nitrate: A case study from Lebanon-East Mediterranean. Agricultural Water Management, 99(1), 74–84.
Abstract: The impact of agricultural practices on soil–groundwater quality in the sub-humid Bekaa plain of Lebanon-East Mediterranean was monitored in four fields (F) between July 2007 and July 2009. These were occupied by continuous mint (F1), summer potato/wheat/potato (F2), lettuce/lettuce/potato/wheat/summer potato (F3) and table grapes (F4). N input calculated on a two-year basis, was in the following ascending order F4, F2, F3 and F1. Soil samples, analyzed down to 200 cm depth, showed high nitrate and chloride concentrations at the end of the 2007 and 2008 seasons. Soil chloride and nitrate peaks recorded in October 2007 and 2008 disappeared below 200 cm overwinter. The calculated N biannual discharge ranged from 130 (F4), to 516 (F2), to 778 (F1), to 879 kg ha−1 (F3). Groundwater quality was studied in 21 wells distributed along a sequence stretching from the Litani River to the eastern water dividing line. Based on the nitrate concentrations, the well located at the top of the water dividing line was the only one suitable for drinking purposes. Eight wells were mildly contaminated, therefore suitable for irrigation purposes except for sensitive crops. Twelve wells, positioned in the plain, showed a nitrate level exceeding 200 mg L−1. Protecting the soil and groundwater quality is a top priority to maintain the ecological and agricultural functions of water.
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Narany*, T. S., Ramli, M. F., Aris, A. Z., Sulaiman, W. N. A., & Fakharian, K. (2014). Spatial assessment of groundwater quality monitoring Wells using indicator kriging and risk mapping, Amol-Babol Plain, Iran. Water, 6, 68–85.
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