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Mehrjardi, R. T., Jahromi, M. Z., Mahmodi, S., & Heidari, A. (2008). Spatial distribution of groundwater quality with geostatistics (Case Study: Yazd-Ardakan Plain). World Appl. Sci. J., 4(1), 9–17.
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Cardenal, J., Benavente, J., & Cruz-Sanjulián, J. J. (1994). Chemical evolution of groundwater in Triassic gypsum-bearing carbonate aquifers (Las Alpujarras, southern Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 161(1), 3–30.
Abstract: A hydrochemical study employing modelling techniques, was carried out using samples taken at 65 points (springs and wells) in Triassic carbonate aquifers (Lújar-Gádor Unit, Alpujárride Complex, Betic Cordillera). These aquifers are made up of limestones and dolomites with some gypsum scattered or interbedded. Though the area is semi-arid, recharge is relatively high because of their mountainous nature. The carbonate rocks contain dense microfissuration; the groundwater flow regime is predominantly diffuse. The karstic forms are in general poorly developed. Two main hydrochemical processes have been identified in these aquifers. One is incongruent dissolution of dolomite that determines the chemical composition of the less mineralised water. The other is dedolomitisation (dolomite dissolution together with calcite precipitation caused by dissolution of gypsum), which becomes predominant when the flow encounters interbedded gypsum. This reaction is also frequently associated with low temperature thermalism, and can play a part in more intense local karstification (cavities, sinkholes, high transmisivity in wells) observed in the sectors of these aquifers where gypsum is more abundant. A reaction path model has been used to simulate the geochemical processes through a hypothetical aquifer (with similar lithology to the Alpujárride carbonate aquifers). Successive stages of evolution through the carbonate sequence, represented by different saturation states with respect to calcite, dolomite gypsum and CO2, have been modelled and then compared with the field data.
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Bobba, A. G. (1993). Mathematical models for saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Water Resources Management, 7(1), 3–37.
Abstract: Flow of freshwater and saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers has drawn the attention of many investigators. Several laboratory, as well as mathematical models have been developed to study the pattern of flow of groundwater in coastal aquifers. Mathematical models have wider range of application and are the concern of this paper. Due to the complex nature of the problem, each of these mathematical models are based on certain simplifying assumptions and approximations. This paper presents a critical review of various methods of solution which have been proposed. The validity of the results abtained and the limitations of these models are also discussed.
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Edwards, P. J., Williard, K. W. J., & Schoonover, J. E. (2015). Fundamentals of watershed hydrology. Journal of contemporary water research & education, 154(1), 3–20.
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Zhou, X., & Li, C. (1992). Hydrogeochemistry of deep formation brines in the central Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Hydrology, 138(1), 1–15.
Abstract: Subsurface brines are abundant in the Sichuan Basin, China. Five brine-bearing aquifers have been identified within rocks of Triassic age in the central part of the basin. These are of two types: brine-bearing clastic and brine-bearing carbonate aquifers. Brines in this region have high total dissolved solids and chemical species that are different from those of evaporatively concentrated seawater. Deep formation brines in clastic aquifers, in which evaporites do not exist, are characterized by high concentrations of Ca, Sr, Ba, Br and I, low concentrations of Mg and K, and lack of SO4, and are dominated by the NaCaCl type. Brines in carbonate aquifers, which have interbeds of evaporites, are characterized by high total dissolved solids, low concentrations of Ca, Mg and SO4, and lack of Ba, and are of the NaCl type. The brines in clastic aquifers originate from connate continental sedimentary waters mixed with marine waters; membrane filtration through shales has played an important part in modifying the chemical compositions and increasing the salinity of the brines. Those in carbonate aquifers are bittern marine sedimentary waters, with chemical compositions mainly controlled by precipitation of evaporites.
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