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Al-Omran, A. M., Aly, A. A., Al-Wabel, M. I., Al-Shayaa, M. S., Sallam, A. S., & Nadeem, M. E. (2017). Geostatistical methods in evaluating spatial variability of groundwater quality in Al-Kharj Region, Saudi Arabia. Appl. Water Sci., 7, 4013–4023.
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Mehraein, M., Mohanavelu, A., Naganna, S. R., Kulls, C., & Kisi, O. (2022). Monthly streamflow prediction by metaheuristic regression approaches considering satellite precipitation data. Water, 14(22), 3636.
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Mahindawansha, A., Külls, C., Kraft, P., & Breuer, L. (2020). Investigating unproductive water losses from irrigated agricultural crops in the humid tropics through analyses of stable isotopes of water. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 24(7), 3627–3642.
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Han, D., & Currell, M. J. (2018). Delineating multiple salinization processes in a coastal plain aquifer, northern China: hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(6), 3473–3491.
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for agricultural irrigation and urban and industrial utilization in the coastal regions of northern China. In the past 5 decades, coastal groundwater salinization in the Yang–Dai river plain has become increasingly serious under the influence of anthropogenic activities and climatic change. It is pivotal for the scientific management of coastal water resources to accurately understand groundwater salinization processes and their causative factors. Hydrochemical (major ion and trace element) and stable isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) analysis of different water bodies (surface water, groundwater, geothermal water and seawater) were conducted to improve understanding of groundwater salinization processes in the plain's Quaternary aquifer. Saltwater intrusion due to intensive groundwater pumping is a major process, either by vertical infiltration along riverbeds which convey saline surface water inland, and/or direct subsurface lateral inflow. Trends in salinity with depth indicate that the former may be more important than previously assumed. The proportion of seawater in groundwater is estimated to have reached up to 13 % in shallow groundwater of a local well field. End-member mixing calculations also indicate that the geothermal water with high total dissolved solids (up to 10.6 g L−1) with depleted stable isotope compositions and elevated strontium concentrations (> 10 mg L−1) also mixes locally with water in the overlying Quaternary aquifers. This is particularly evident in samples with elevated Sr ∕ Cl ratios (> 0.005 mass ratio). Deterioration of groundwater quality by salinization is also clearly exacerbated by anthropogenic pollution. Nitrate contamination via intrusion of heavily polluted marine water is evident locally (e.g., in the Zaoyuan well field); however, more widespread nitrate contamination due to other local sources such as fertilizers and/or domestic wastewater is evident on the basis of NO3 ∕ Cl ratios. This study provides an example of how multiple geochemical indicators can delineate different salinization processes and guide future water management practices in a densely populated water-stressed coastal region.
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Hooshmand, A., Delghandi, M., Izadi, A., & Aali, K. A. (2011). Application of kriging and cokriging in spatial estimation of groundwater quality parameters. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6 (14), 3402–3408.
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