Hanshaw, B. B., & Back, W. (1985). Deciphering hydrological systems by means of geochemical processes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 30(2), 257–271.
Abstract: The distribution of permeability and chemical character of groundwater in carbonate aquifers is significantly influenced by the many diagenetic processes
and reactions that occur in the early development of these rocks. Many of these diagenetic processes occur in the transition zone formed as the carbonate sediments emerge from the marine environment and become fresh-water aquifers. Analyses of trace elements and isotopes
indicate that calcite cements and dolomites are formed in this groundwater mixing zone. Reverse reactions such as mineral dissolution and dedolomitization occur in carbonate aquifer systems. The geochemical reactivity of the fresh-water/salt-water mixing zone results from the nonlinearity of geochemical parameters as a function of ionic strength and causes extensive dissolution in coastal carbonate rocks. Interpretation of geochemical reactions and isotopic composition of groundwater provides a method to determine hydrological parameters
such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and groundwater flow rates. This geochemical method is largely independent of the more conventional approach of determining these parameters by an evaluation of physical properties of aquifer systems.
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de Paz, J. - M., Sánchez, J., & Visconti, F. (2006). Combined use of GIS and environmental indicators for assessment of chemical, physical and biological soil degradation in a Spanish Mediterranean region. Journal of environmental management, 79(2), 150–162.
Abstract: Soil is one of the main non-renewable natural resources in the world. In the Valencian Community (Mediterranean coast of Spain), it is especially important because agriculture and forest biomass exploitation are two of the main economic activities in the region. More than 44% of the total area is under agriculture and 52% is forested.
The frequently arid or semi-arid climate with rainfall concentrated in few events, usually in the autumn and spring, scarcity of vegetation cover, and eroded and shallow soils in several areas lead to soil degradation processes. These processes, mainly water erosion and
salinization, can be intense in many locations within the Valencian Community.
Evaluation of soil degradation on a regional scale is important because degradation is incompatible with sustainable development. Policy makers involved in land use planning require tools to evaluate soil degradation so they can go on to develop measures aimed at protecting and
conserving soils.
In this study, a methodology to evaluate physical, chemical and biological soil degradation in a GIS-based approach was developed for the Valencian Community on a 1/200,000 scale.
The information used in this study was obtained from two different sources: (i) a soil survey with more than 850 soil profiles sampled within the Valencian Community, and (ii) the environmental information implemented in the Geo-scientific map of the Valencian Community digitised on an Arc/Info GIS. Maps of physical, chemical and biological soil degradation in the Valencian Community on a 1/200,000 scale were obtained using the methodology devised. These maps can be used to make a cost-effective evaluation of soil degradation on a regional scale.
Around 29% of the area corresponding to the Valencian Community is affected by high to very high physical soil degradation, 36% by high to very high biological degradation, and 6% by high to very high chemical degradation. It is, therefore, necessary to draw up legislation and to establish the policy framework for actions focused on preventing soil degradation and conserving its productive potential.
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Gat, J. R. (1980). The relationship between surface and subsurface waters: water quality aspects in areas of low precipitation / Rapport entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines: aspects des propriétés caractéristiques de l’eau dans les zones à précipitation faible. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, 25(3), 257–267.
Abstract: In the temperate and semiarid environment the salinity of both surface and subsurface(meteoric) waters is dominated by the weathering products of soil and aquifer minerals, since even surface waters have a history of subsurface flow. In the desert environment, in contrast, surface flows are more superficial and their chemistry dominated by the aeolian salinity. This has both a marine input and
a contribution from recycled salinity from surface accumulation of evaporitic minerals. Both these sources have chloride (and to a lesser extent sulphate) as the dominant anion.
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Sebben, M. L., Werner, A. D., & Graf, T. (2015). Seawater intrusion in fractured coastal aquifers: A preliminary numerical investigation using a fractured Henry problem. Advances in Water Resources, 85, 93–108.
Abstract: Despite that fractured coastal aquifers are widespread, the influence of fracture characteristics on seawater intrusion (SWI) has not been explored in previous studies. This research uses numerical modelling in a first step towards understanding the influence of fracture orientation, location and density on the extent of seawater and accompanying patterns of groundwater discharge in an idealised coastal aquifer. Specifically, aquifers containing single fractures or networks of regularly spaced fractures are studied using modified forms of the Henry SWI benchmark problem. The applicability of equivalent porous media (EPM) models for representing simple fracture networks in steady-state simulations of SWI is tested. The results indicate that the influence of fractures on SWI is likely to be mixed, ranging from enhancement to reduction in seawater extent and the width of the mixing zone. For the conceptual models considered here, vertical fractures in contact with the seawater wedge increase the width of the mixing zone, whereas vertical fractures inland of the wedge have minimal impact on the seawater distribution. Horizontal fractures in the lower part of the aquifer force the wedge seaward, whereas horizontal fractures located within the zone of freshwater discharge enhance the wedge. Inclined fractures roughly parallel to the seawater-freshwater interface increase the landward extent of seawater and fractures perpendicular to the interface inhibit the wedge. The results show that EPM models are likely inadequate for inferring salinity distributions in most of the fractured cases, although the EPM approach may be suitable for orthogonal fracture networks if fracture density is high and appropriate dispersivity values can be determined.
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Liu, F., Wang, S., Wang, L., Shi, L., Song, X., Yeh, T. - C. J., et al. (2019). Coupling hydrochemistry and stable isotopes to identify the major factors affecting groundwater geochemical evolution in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 205.
Abstract: Understanding the interference of natural processes and anthropogenic activities in geochemical evolution of groundwater is vital for groundwater sustainable management in water-stressed regions. This study is devoted to the identification of the main factors controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry by the combined use of hydrogeochemical indicators along with isotope tracers in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Thirty-nine groundwater samples and twelve surface water samples were collected, and major ions and stable isotopes were measured during the two campaigns (December 2017 and August 2018). The isotope approach indicates that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation infiltration after evaporation, and interacts with surface water along preferential flow paths in fault zones and karst conduits. Currently, the main chemical facies of groundwater evolve from Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types with low TDS, through Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-HCO3-SO4 types with moderate TDS, to Ca-SO4, Ca-SO4-Cl and CaCl types with high TDS. Apart from natural processes (involving dissolution/precipitation of minerals, cation exchange, and evaporation) regulating the groundwater quality, the stagnant zones also play a crucial role in the formation of severe localized nitrate contamination. The deterioration in groundwater quality can be attributed to anthropogenic factors (including the change in groundwater exploitation, the leaching of solid waste, and the overuse of agricultural fertilizers). The high loads of agricultural fertilizers in irrigation return flows are likely to be the main contributor of the dissolved nitrate in groundwater. The findings of this work not only have important implications for groundwater sustainable utilization, but also could serve as a template for other rapidly industrialized and water-stressed regions.
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