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Kumar, A. R., & Riyazuddin, P. (2011). Speciation of selenium in groundwater: Seasonal variations and redox transformations. Journal of hazardous materials, 192(1), 263–269.
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Ola, I., Drebenstedt, C., Burgess, R. M., Mensah, M., Hoth, N., Okoroafor, P., et al. (2024). Assessing petroleum contamination in parts of the Niger Delta based on a sub-catchment delineated field assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(6), 585.
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Liu, F., Wang, S., Wang, L., Shi, L., Song, X., Yeh, T. - C. J., et al. (2019). Coupling hydrochemistry and stable isotopes to identify the major factors affecting groundwater geochemical evolution in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 205.
Abstract: Understanding the interference of natural processes and anthropogenic activities in geochemical evolution of groundwater is vital for groundwater sustainable management in water-stressed regions. This study is devoted to the identification of the main factors controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry by the combined use of hydrogeochemical indicators along with isotope tracers in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Thirty-nine groundwater samples and twelve surface water samples were collected, and major ions and stable isotopes were measured during the two campaigns (December 2017 and August 2018). The isotope approach indicates that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation infiltration after evaporation, and interacts with surface water along preferential flow paths in fault zones and karst conduits. Currently, the main chemical facies of groundwater evolve from Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types with low TDS, through Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-HCO3-SO4 types with moderate TDS, to Ca-SO4, Ca-SO4-Cl and CaCl types with high TDS. Apart from natural processes (involving dissolution/precipitation of minerals, cation exchange, and evaporation) regulating the groundwater quality, the stagnant zones also play a crucial role in the formation of severe localized nitrate contamination. The deterioration in groundwater quality can be attributed to anthropogenic factors (including the change in groundwater exploitation, the leaching of solid waste, and the overuse of agricultural fertilizers). The high loads of agricultural fertilizers in irrigation return flows are likely to be the main contributor of the dissolved nitrate in groundwater. The findings of this work not only have important implications for groundwater sustainable utilization, but also could serve as a template for other rapidly industrialized and water-stressed regions.
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Stigter, T. Y., van Ooijen, S. P. J., Post, V. E. A., Appelo, C. A. J., & Carvalho Dill, A. M. M. (1998). A hydrogeological and hydrochemical explanation of the groundwater composition under irrigated land in a Mediterranean environment, Algarve, Portugal. Journal of Hydrology, 208(3), 262–279.
Abstract: In the Campina de Faro, in the south of Portugal, agricultural practices have a large impact on groundwater composition. These practices involve pumping of water for irrigation from combinations of large diameter, shallow wells (noras) and small diameter, deep boreholes (furos). Excess irrigation water returns to the aquifer and mixes with water from the regional groundwater flow system. This irrigation return flow is concentrated by strong evapotranspiration and by flushing of fertilisers. The concentration increase induces cation exchange, whereby Ca on the soil exchanger is replaced by Na. The mixing in the aquifer allows application of a mixing cell model which may then be used to calculate transmissivities from the Cl mass balance. The calculations are complicated by the time-variant behaviour of Cl and the method is adjusted to calculate the change of chloride in time. Results from the calculations appear to be in good agreement with hydrochemical observations.
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Gopinath, S., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Saravanan, K., & Prakash, R. (2019). Tracing groundwater salinization using geochemical and isotopic signature in Southeastern coastal Tamilnadu, India. Chemosphere, 236, 124305.
Abstract: Attempt has been made to discriminate groundwater salinity causes along the east coast of India. A total of 122 groundwater samples (61/season) were collected for two diverse seasons (Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon) and analyzed for physical and chemical components along with stable isotopes. The Piper diagram proposes samples along the coast predisposed by saltwater incursion. Ionic ratio plots recommend groundwater discriminatory by changing geochemical signatures. The statistical correlation suggests impact of saltwater incursion, anthropogenic and rock water interaction as sources for dissolved constituents in groundwater. The thermodynamic stability plot suggests higher silicate dissolution, weathering and ion exchange prompting water chemistry nevertheless of seasons. The δ 18O and δ 2H increases towards the sea suggesting enrichment attributed to the sea water influence and rainfall influences along the southwestern parts of the study area.
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