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Kitanidis*, P. K. (1997). Introduction to geostatistics: Applications in hydrogeology. Cambridge University Press.
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Goovaerts*, P. (1997). Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation. Applied geostatistics series. Oxford University Press.
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Edmunds, W. M. (1996). Bromine geochemistry of british groundwaters. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(399), 275–284.
Abstract: \textlessp\textgreater The concentrations of Br in potable groundwaters in the United Kingdom range from 60 to 340 µg 1 \textlesssup\textgreater-1\textless/sup\textgreater . The occurrence of Br is described in terms of the Br/Cl weight ratio which enables small changes in bromide concentrations to be assessed in terms of salinity. Median values of Br/Cl in groundwaters range from 2.60 to 5.15 × 10 \textlesssup\textgreater−3\textless/sup\textgreater compared with a sea water ratio of 3.47× 10 \textlesssup\textgreater−3\textless/sup\textgreater . In recent shallow groundwaters the Br/Cl ratio is rather variable in response to a range of natural and anthropogenic inputs (marine and industrial aerosols, industrial and agricultural chemicals including road salt). Some slight enrichment in Br/Cl also occurs naturally during infiltration as a result of biogeochemical processes. \textless/p\textgreater
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Cardenal, J., Benavente, J., & Cruz-Sanjulián, J. J. (1994). Chemical evolution of groundwater in Triassic gypsum-bearing carbonate aquifers (Las Alpujarras, southern Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 161(1), 3–30.
Abstract: A hydrochemical study employing modelling techniques, was carried out using samples taken at 65 points (springs and wells) in Triassic carbonate aquifers (Lújar-Gádor Unit, Alpujárride Complex, Betic Cordillera). These aquifers are made up of limestones and dolomites with some gypsum scattered or interbedded. Though the area is semi-arid, recharge is relatively high because of their mountainous nature. The carbonate rocks contain dense microfissuration; the groundwater flow regime is predominantly diffuse. The karstic forms are in general poorly developed. Two main hydrochemical processes have been identified in these aquifers. One is incongruent dissolution of dolomite that determines the chemical composition of the less mineralised water. The other is dedolomitisation (dolomite dissolution together with calcite precipitation caused by dissolution of gypsum), which becomes predominant when the flow encounters interbedded gypsum. This reaction is also frequently associated with low temperature thermalism, and can play a part in more intense local karstification (cavities, sinkholes, high transmisivity in wells) observed in the sectors of these aquifers where gypsum is more abundant. A reaction path model has been used to simulate the geochemical processes through a hypothetical aquifer (with similar lithology to the Alpujárride carbonate aquifers). Successive stages of evolution through the carbonate sequence, represented by different saturation states with respect to calcite, dolomite gypsum and CO2, have been modelled and then compared with the field data.
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Vengosh, A., & Rosenthal, E. (1994). Saline groundwater in Israel: its bearing on the water crisis in the country. Journal of Hydrology, 156(1), 389–430.
Abstract: One of the major causes for the deterioration of water quality bearing heavily on the water crisis in Israel is the ongoing contamination of its water resources by saline water bodies. The present paper reviews the geochemical processes forming saline water, lists and explains certain chemical and isotopic parameters which enable understanding these processes and describes the saline groundwater bodies and various salinization phenomena occurring in the country’s various aquifers. Deterioration of groundwater in Israel is caused by numerous natural processes such as encroachment of sea water, migration of connate, highly pressurized brines penetrating into fresh groundwater, by subsurface dissolution of soluble salts originating in surrounding country rocks and by water-rock interaction. In addition to sea water, two saline water bodies were identified as the main factors causing salinization of fresh groundwater: (a) Ca-chloride brines encountered in the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift Valley, in various parts of the Negev and of the Coastal Plain, and (b) Na-chloride saline water identified in the subsurface of the Negev and in the southern part of the Coastal Plain. Intensive exploitation of groundwater in Israel has disturbed the natural equilibrium which prevailed between fresh and saline water. The newly established groundwater flow regimes have facilitated the migration of saline water bodies, their participation in the active hydrological cycle and the progressive contamination of fresh groundwater. These processes which were not anticipated by planners and water resources managers emphasize that large-scale groundwater exploitation was undertaken without giving sufficient consideration to the occurrence and subsurface migration of saline water and brines.
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